BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TUBERCLOSIS AND HIV CASES IN PARTS OF ABIA, ANAMBRA AND IMO STATES

Abstract

Aim: The biochemical of tuberculosis (TB) and (HIV) patients in parts of Abia, Anambra and Imo States, were carried out using, standard biochemical procedures. Methods: Two hospitals were chosen from each of the three States, namely: St. Charles Borromeo Specialist Hospital Onitsha and Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi, Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Umuahia and Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH) Aba, and Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri and Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu from January 2013 to December 2014. . The biochemical parameters analyzed were glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Vit. C, Vit. E, Uric acid, Malondialdehide (MDA), total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL – cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Urea, creatinine, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, and HC0₃ in HIV patients (n=50:M=20; F = 30) and in PTB patients (n=50: M=30; F = 20) newly diagnosed (untreated) adults of 18years and above compared with apparently normal (control) individuals who are HIV and PTB seronegative of the same age range,  location and n=50: M=20; F = 30 in each of the six selected hospitals in Abia, Anambra and Imo States. Results: The results showed significantly increased concentrations of MDA and Uric acid (P<0.05) and significantly reduced concentrations of Vit. C Vit E and GPX (P<0.05) both in TB patients and HIV patients when compared with the control subjects. It equally revealed significantly increased Urea in all the selected hospitals and reduced Na⁺ concentration(ABSUTH) (P<0.05) in HIV patients when compared with the control subjects, while creatinine, Cl^-  and HC0₃^-  mean differences were not significant when compared with the control subjects (P>0.05). PTB patients  revealed significantly increased Na⁺, decreased  K⁺, increased Cl^-, and decreased HC0₃^- and urea (P<0.05) when compared with the control subjects while mean difference of creatinine though elevated was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Also revealed were significantly reduced concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL – Cholesterols in PTB patients (P<0.05) when compared with their control subjects. Similar trends were observed in HIV positive patients except that concentration of triglyceride was significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared with the control subjects. Conclusion: Electrolyte imbalance was observed among the patients which equally exposes them to other health problems such as irregular heartbeat, numbness and high blood pressure among other diseases coupled with high level of lipid peroxidation which has been observed playing role in atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion, heart failure, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatic arthritis, cancer, and other immunological disorders. Meanwhile, there is likelihood of severe oxidative stress due to observed antioxidant depletion that further exposes the patients to Cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD. Therefore, decreasing the formation of lipid peroxidation products and balancing the electrolytes and antioxidants could be beneficial in limiting all the deleterious pathological conditions so as to guarantee their good health.

Key words: Biochemical, Tuberclosis,  HIV, Cases, Abia, Anambra, Imo