OXIDATIVE STRESS DEMOGRAPHY IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY OBESITY

Abstract

Obesity is often linked to oxidative stress due to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses. This oxidative stress plays a significant role in obesity-related complications, including insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. This study examines the pattern of some antioxidants in metabolically healthy overweight and obese Nigerians to understand their role in maintaining metabolic health despite excess adiposity. A prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted with metabolically healthy participants categorized as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Participants were recruited from Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and the general populace. Metabolically healthy status was defined by the absence of hypertension, diabetes, thyroid disorders, cancer, or obesity-related disorders, and not taking medications for these conditions. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and blood samples were collected and analyzed for various biochemical markers, including glucose, lipid profiles, and antioxidant levels. The study adhered to ethical standards, with approval granted by LUTH's Medical Ethical Committee. The age distribution of participants showed an increased prevalence of obesity in middle-aged Nigerians. Obesity prevalence significantly rose from early adulthood (21-30 years) to middle age (41-50 years) before slightly declining in older age groups. Antioxidant analysis revealed that glutathione (GSH) levels were highest in normal individuals, slightly lower in overweight, and lowest in obese individuals, indicating reduced antioxidant defenses in obesity. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were similar across groups, with a slight decrease in obese individuals. Catalase (CAT) levels were consistently low across all groups, suggesting compromised hydrogen peroxide neutralization. Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were lower in obese individuals, indicating diminished detoxification and enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were highest in obese individuals, confirming increased oxidative stress. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to manage obesity and oxidative stress among Nigerians, particularly in middle-aged and older adults. Despite being classified as metabolically healthy, obese Nigerians are at risk of oxidative stress due to higher levels of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Enhancing antioxidant defenses through dietary and lifestyle interventions may mitigate health risks associated with obesity.